How Private Military Companies Affect Modern Africa

The prevalence of mercenaries in African warfare has been continual since the first Portuguese slavers set foot in South-West Africa 500 years ago. It is difficult to find a war in Africa, especially post-World War Two, where mercenaries were not employed by at least one side, if not both. With the growth of professionalized military companies and the loss of political will to deploy conventional forces by Western countries, the usage of mercenaries is only going to increase. This growth is leading to studies about the ethical, economic, and political applications and ramifications regarding private military companies and their future use in Africa. This literature review examines policy experts#39; and political scientists#39; research†¦show more content†¦Independent variables included competition among PMCs and resource compensation. Control variables included ethnic fractionalization, mountainous terrain, proportion of forces, gross domestic product, and levels of governmental and rebel support. The empirical research concluded two findings. If only a single PMC is hired, it is more likely to underperform and prolong civil war and if multiple PMCs intervene in an ongoing civil war it is more likely to be terminated.4 For example, if six PMCs intervene in the sixth year of a civil war, it is at least 2.5 times more likely to be terminated than if one PMC is operating in the same battle space.5 Similarly to Akcinaroglu and Radziszewski findings is research conducted by Ulrich Petersohn.6 In a 2015 article titled â€Å"Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), Military Effectiveness, and Conflict Severity in Weak States, 1990 – 2007,† Petersohn uses empirical data to find the differences between the kinds of PMCs services offered, for example logistics versus direct combat engagement, and how they affect weak or falling states. Petersohn writes that most of this field of study thinks that PMCs adversely affect the states they are contracted to assist. â€Å"A common view is that PMSCs are menaces who simply take economic advantage of—and thereby aggravate—already bad situations.†7 Petersohn’sShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Signal : Egypt1620 Words   |  7 PagesSIGNAL 1 THE FUTURE OF SIGNAL IN EGYPT SCCC 009-14 MAJOR HESHAM AHMED 09 Oct 2014 THE FUTURE OF SIGNAL 2 Egypt was and still occupies a distinguished place in terms of geography between Europe and the Far East in the heart of the modern world, but historically it has been her leadership in pace with the development of civilization and for most of the countries around it, especially in the telecommunications and radio filed although it did not to participate in this cultural renaissanceRead MoreGlobalization, Privatization, and Militarization: Impacts on Criminal Justice1717 Words   |  7 Pages The ideas of globalization can be traced essentially back to the origins of man when they began to move from equatorial Africa. Next were the Europeans trading for silk and spices with the Far East, eventually leading to the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus traveling to the West in an effort to find a shorter route to their foreign trade partners. Modern day globalization began to come about after World War II. This was mainly due to countries such as Sri Lanka, India, and someRead MoreThe Federal Aviation Administration Is The Governing Force Of Aviation Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discrimination is the process of excluding a person based on a multitude of factors not limited to just age, sex or ethnicity. Just about 200 years ago, in 1808, The Congress banned the importation of slaves from Africa and they were given voting rights in 1870 with the Fifteenth Amendment [1]. Less than 100 years ago, the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave women the right to vote in 1920 [2]. 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Personal training Free Essays

Personal Training I have a passion for action sports, physical fitness and wellbeing. There is no better feeling in the world than being healthy. Along with being healthy, comes physical fitness and athleticism. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal training or any similar topic only for you Order Now But accomplishing these goals is no easy task. Athletes don’t wake up every day physically in top shape and able to perform their best athletically without hours on top of hours of hard work and proper dieting. Not many athletes know the ins and outs of proper training and dieting, which is why hey refer to a personal trainer for the tips and advice they need to succeed. A major in Kinesiology is an excellent way to gain the proper knowledge to help athletes get to where they need to be. As a personal trainer, you have many duties related to your Job. Trainers are responsible for providing various personal training services that help members maximize their workout efficiency. And to also improve physical fitness and wellbeing. Personal trainers demonstrate exercises. These vary, depending on his or her client’s level of fitness capability, age and weight. These demonstrated exercises ould be as simple as a squat or as advanced as a power clean. It is important as a trainer to get to know your client. Such as their level of fitness, what theyre physically capable of performing. Personal trainer need to be able to determine what exercises can benefit their client or potentially harm them (California). Trainers are also responsible for creating a healthy diet plan for their client to follow, in order to help accomplish their fitness or health goals. This part of personal training is the most difficult. Diet plans can be very difficult for the average person to follow and keep track of. Just like the physical part of personal training, a diet plan very depending on client’s fitness goals, age and weight. For example, if a middle aged man is looking to lose a significant amount of weight, he would need to do a few things. First, in order to lose weight your body need to burn carbohydrates that have been consumed in the past twenty-four hours. Once your body has depleted all unused carbohydrates, it can now access your bodys stored fat source and start to burn it off. But in order to burn carbohydrates in the first place, he must engage in high intense exercises, which min in their late thirties usually don’t do. So what needs to happen is he must alter his diet to eat six times a day. The content of his diet would be low carbs and proteins. The reason for him to eat six times a day is to keep his metabolism running so he can burn fat during his daily routine. Along with a diet, comes exercise with his personal trainer. His workouts would consist of very low weight, with a high number of repetition. The reason for low weight workouts is because he would be low on carbs which would highly effect his strength. The high amount of reps will cause his muscles to fire quicker, causing him to burn carbohydrates then start burning stored tat ( Trainers can work in many different places. For example, if a trainer has a group workout in urban areas, he could meet his clients at a local park or running trail. The most common place would be the gym, where a personal trainer can train one or more individuals. Trainers even go to clients homes for personal workouts. That’s usually the case for elderly people who would have a hard time leaving their home. Qualified trainers travel to hospitals to train rehabilitated patients who may have been injured in an accident and is in need to re-train their muscles (United). To become a trainer is not very difficult. A degree is not needed, but would be very beneficial. My personal trainer, Brodie Priestley recommended a degree in kinesiology and nutrition. Also having a background in sports and powerlifting benefit me. Even though a degree in not required, sources indicate it would do nothing but help (United States). During my interview I asked my trainer Priestley what made him choose kinesiology as his profession. â€Å"It was simple† Priestley replied. â€Å"My father was a world class power lifter, benching over five-hundred pounds as a senior in high school. So like every kid, I wanted to be Just like my father. I fell in love with lifting weights and lay sports. The more I lifted weights, the more results I saw and I began to feel better about myself,† Priestley explained. â€Å"l quickly got addicted to lifting weights and wanted to keep progressing. I began to educate myself more on lifting weights and ways to get bigger and stronger. My obsession with lifting weights and muscles development got to the point where I stopped playing sports to focus on powerlifting. † Priestleys hard work was paying off as he took first place in numerous powerlifting events. â€Å"l wasn’t Just winning, I was blowing my competition out of the water,† Priestley explained. Priestley worked his way up to become the number three power lifter in the nation, and later broke the world record in bench press for his weight class. It was obvious that I was good at what I did, so I wanted to help others accomplish their physical fitness goals. So I began Personal training at a local gym. I quickly fell in love with helping others and seeing them progress. It’s a cool feeling, I couldn’t be happier with what I’m doing† Priestley explained to me. I asked Priestley what he though was the toughest part about being a personal trainer. Priestleys response was simple, he told me that â€Å"as long as you’re doing omething you love, it doesn’t really matter what you do to get there. But I guess the hardest part of being a personal trainer would be getting some clients to trust you and to buy into your system. † Priestley continued on saying that some people who may have been out of shape most of their life have a hard time believing that they can lose weight and get in shape by following my weight loss program, which makes it difficult to train that individual. Next I asked Priestley what he liked most about his Job. Priestley responded by saying â€Å"The best part of my Job is seeing true results in my clients. There is no better feeling as a trainer knowing that you helped someone get healthy and physically fit. In most cases that is a life changing event for people who used to be highly over weight and unhealthy. That person can now walk around proud of their appearance and have all the confidence in the world, all because of my help. To me there is no better teeling. † Even though I learned that an education is not need to become a trainer, I asked Priestley what steps he took in school to get where he is today. Priestley told me that getting his master’s degree in kinesiology, and minor degree in nutrition was the martest thing he has ever done. My degree helped me in every way possible, I now have an edge on a lot of trainers that might not have a degree. But not only am I more educated but my degree gets me more business which is awesome! † Researching my career choice has reassured me that becoming a personal trainer is who I am going to become. My trainer has had the biggest impact on my decision. He has helped me so much and IVe also seen him help many others. I le arned that what you get out of training someone is the ultimate prize. In conclusion kinesiology is what I have chosen as my career choice. How to cite Personal training, Papers Personal training Free Essays Personal training in fitness is an individualized approach to the provision of services that aim at improving the health and fitness of the participants or rather the clients (Subhan, White, Kane1987). Fitness needs are varied just like the individuals requiring these services. A personal fitness trainer provides training services to the clients according to individual requirements and conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal training or any similar topic only for you Order Now He/She acts as a consultant, giving advise according to his/her assessment on the individual’s needs and health conditions. The programs are all designed to fit into different schedules and timetables. A personal trainer gives services on a one-to-one basis and helps the trainee to achieve his/her set goals, which may include: †¢ Weight loss. †¢ Bodybuilding. †¢ Improving on physical appearance †¢ Preparations for sporting events. According to( ), personal training is valuable tool for those who desire fitness coaching and inspiration for goal achievement. Personal trainers can be found in various settings such as health clubs, gyms, and spas as well as in luxury yatches and cruise ships. Gyms are very common in all kinds of establishments such as hotels, learning institutions and member clubs. Personal trainers are gaining popularity due to an increased awareness levels on the need to remain fit as well as health education programmes offered in the learning institutions which serve to enlighten the citizenry on health matters and their physical well-being. As a result, many are interested in joining health programmes and training therefore contributing to the popularity of personal training as a profession. In the US to practice as a personal trainer requires a certification. A personal trainer may also offer allied services such as: †¢ Testing for fitness Assessing clients’ lifestyle †¢ Training partners †¢ Helping clients to set goals as well as design appropriate programs †¢ Advising on nutritional requirements †¢ Assessing on clients progress. There are several benefits associated with the profession, such as having the unique opportunity to achieve and sustain personal fitness (Carey, Mason1996). As one helps others to keep fit, he/she will also be involved in the same activities hence he/she will keep fit in the process. It also helps the personal trainer to maintain a healthy lifestyle as a result of working out consistently and routinely. Being a personal trainer also ensures that one engages in constructive activity when free and avoids idleness (Sherman, 1994). One is exposed to information and techniques of increasing performance in different areas such as endurance, strength, flexibility and so on. When one is involved in these constant activities, maintenance of vigor and stamina comes naturally. In addition, one is able to maintain great body shape and skin tone, and also it is easier to prepare and participate in physical activities such as athletics and sports (Raglin, Morgan, 1987). Personal training is also a great career and the personal trainer is able to get a lot of satisfaction from helping others, avoid stress as well as anxiety (Maguire, 2000). It is also a good source of income since personal trainers can get to meet both their basic and secondary needs. Kate Williams a personal trainer working in the field of personal training was interviewed on personal training career and she reported that her job is a source of joy and happiness especially due to the effects of seeing a client achieve his/her goal, for example losing weight through exercise and achieving good physical fitness, vigor and stamina. A personal trainer enjoys a flexible schedule depending on the settings, of where they work. Usually, nights and weekend work is not common (Maguire, 2002). The interviewee noted that, her busiest hours are from 15 hours to 20 hours although some clients are happy with morning workouts as well as early after noon workouts. The interviewee further noted that, she has four morning sessions every week. She has only one session on Saturday and two sessions on Sunday, but all the other days of the week are usually busy for her. Her schedule is typical to common jobs of personal trainers and their fore the schedule should be viewed as standard representation of personal trainers timetable. Some personal trainers’ schedules are subject to availability of clients. Other trainers work in hotel gyms where they attend to guests and clients who may come at will and therefore they are always available to attend to the clients regardless of their schedules.. There are personal trainers who work for individuals and their working hours are fewer. The interviewee was of the opinion that, many people should develop interest in personal training career so as to have more people reached out to something that likely to lead to a health and stress free nation. Schools. Personal trainers are required to be certified in personal training aerobics, weight training and other forms of physical training (Johnsgard, 1989). Becoming a personal trainer can be realized by attending training in several institutions that offer this training. There are different courses such as Bachelor’s degrees in exercise science and physical education. There are also certificates offered in colleges and fitness institutes in America. Every state in America has several institutions that offer personal training. Some of these institutions include: – †¢ FITA fitness, Inc. New port Beach. †¢ Bryan college- Sacramental/ Gold diver. †¢ Heritage college-Personal training- Denver †¢ Heritage institute – personal training- Fort Myers. †¢ Florida college natural health. †¢ CNI’s California personal fitness training school. †¢ National personal training institute. All the above-mentioned institutions offer quite recommendable personal training programs, which have been of much help to those interested in personal training and have recorded high customer satisfaction levels. The interviewee recalled one of her clients reported that he had lost quite a recommendable amount of body weight, and that the programs had been a great one for him. These institutions also expose their clients to career opportunities of becoming personal fitness trainers by providing the required and relevant education that may result to certificate or degree award. They employ an approach which is skill based something which helps the graduates to secure jobs in areas like healthcare, massage as well as in technical fields. The interviewee reported that personal training institutions were voted the best in the way they operated and in how they met the goals of their clients. The struggle to have and maintain all the essential facilities that are required for body building exercises and hire the best and qualified personal trainers. Like any other career, personal training provides a source of income to its’ beneficiaries specifically the personal trainers. Agreement on payment basis is made between the personal trainers and the organizations for example, they may agree that the personal trainers be paid on monthly basis may be an approximate amount of $2,500 a month. In other institutions, payment may be done on daily basis, according to the number of clients who have turned up for the training. In addition, payment rates range on client status, for example students may be allowed to pay a little amount than the staff members, and guests. This can be demonstrated in the table 1. 1below: Personal fitness training package rates. Number or session Rate per student Staff, Guest (per person) 1 $25 $35 2 $60 $90 5 $95 $125 10 $120 $200 Source: Personal interview. Conclusion Personal training is an interesting career that offers a very good working environment as well as returns. Personal trainers are able to avoid stress and anxiety and usually live relaxed lives due to regular exercises and they are usually physically fit. In addition, personal training is a well paying career and this is a key motivator those interested in that career path. How to cite Personal training, Papers

Business Ethics Contemporary Business

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethicsfor Contemporary Business. Answer: Individual Learning: Understanding Business Ethics: Before understanding business ethics, it is important for us to understand the true meaning of ethics. Ethics can be explained as moral values that directs an individuals behaviour and actions. According to scholarly definition, ethics is the important prearranged assessment of how an individual needs to behave in a given situation or circumstances, how we need to restrict ourselves from pursuing self interest when it is the cause of others problem or suffering (Durkheim, 2013). Every individual has attitude and thoughts. Ethics concerns efforts to discover higher-order ideology and values in an effort to rationalize and unite individuals diverse moral values. Business ethics can simply be explained as a set of professional ethics or a code of law that a business organization must follow in order to perform responsible business operations and provide welfare to the society (Weiss, 2014). Business ethics is a sub category of ethics and is based on moral and social principles. It basically provides an outline for ethical business processes. It presets socio-cultural, economic, juridical and other limitations for conducting a business, although it is a voluntary concept and government does not force business ethics on business organizations. While business ethics is a comparative term which changes according to personal values and beliefs, country of business operations, etc. Every profession has a definite set of code of conduct that must be followed by professionals which guides what is ethical and what is not in that particular profession. Ethical Issues Faced By Contemporary Business: To understand business ethics it is important for business leaders and managers to recognize the ethical issues that rise in business processes. It is generally an identifiable situation or condition with the aim of evaluating between moralities and choosing the most ethical decision which will act both in welfare of stakeholders and business interest. The concept of ethics and morality changes according to socio-political-cultural practices around the globe (Hoffman, et al. 2014). For instant, in western business environment, if I am visiting a client for the first time, it is perfectly normal to bring gifts in elaborate manner and bribing is acceptable. On the other hand, in Southeast Asian countries bribing is viewed as impolite and unethical. For better understanding of some common ethical issues faced by business organizations, I have listed the most crucial and common ones bellow: Conflict of Interest: In the ethical course we have learnt that, building confidence among stakeholders is an important issue that organizations always emphasizes to build upon because it is our ability to trust among each other assist us to conduct business with each other. Thus the primary ethical issues faced by business organizations are integrity and trust. A conflict of interest rises in business situations, where we have to take decisions in personal interest or in interest of employee welfare (De George, 2011). To keep away from conflicts of interest, workforce must be able to take apart their personal financial interests from business transactions. Decision making: Decision making process within an organization is either a responsibility of an individual or a group. Decision making effects the organizational cultural of the business. So, it is vital that decision taken within an organization is an ethical as it can effect internal and external business environment, employee performance and stakeholders relationship with the organization (Weiss, 2014). Business operations are becoming a Hercules task in the contemporary unstable and multifarious business environment. The expectations of stakeholders are becoming diverse in terms of accountability and fairness, thus violating these confidences can bring negative results for the business organization. As the increase in competitiveness in the market, it is becoming evident for organizations to learn about diverse cultural diversity and their significant applications. As a result this develops the challenge for organizations to sustain and grow as a trusted brand in changing busine ss environment. Working conditions and employee welfare: In our contemporary business environment, employee rights and suitable working conditions are constantly been improved by business organizations to immerge a more socially responsible organization. The new competitive market has experienced a considerable improvement in working conditions in multiple industries including, pharmaceuticals, retail, transportation and logistics, banking, software and hardware, etc. Thus in the course we have learnt that ethical working conditions and protecting employee rights are important issues that effects business and stakeholders relationship to a great extent. Social networking Issues: With technological advancements and ease in communication, business practices and organizational structures are changing drastically. New age employees or the millennials are constantly in touch with each other through social sites through which they share personal experience and information. The social networking is constantly evolving creating challenges for business organizations regarding corporate communication process. Access to social media during working hours by employees not only consumes time but also decrease the quality of work. Also, access of social media from workplace also causes misuse of organizational resources. Unauthorized use of organizations name, logo, and copyright information on social media platform can violate organizations rights and power over their property. Also disclosure of unauthorized sensitive information can harm organizations competitive advantage. Sharing personal opinion (mostly negative) about organization or co-wor kers can be a professional damage for the employee as often organizations monitors employee activity in social media sites and if company reputation is under risk due to negative remarks or comments on social media, organizations take strict action. Communication: Communications is a further part in which ethical apprehension might occur. Phony and confusing advertising, as well as misleading selling strategy, unsatisfied customers can cause confusion and turbulent business operations. Honesty concerning product and service quality is vital to consumers. For instance, in the pharmaceutical industry, herbs are sold with partial regulation and testing, and there are many independent sellers in the market. Larger pharmaceutical manufactures and corporate like Warner-Lambert take control on regulated use of herbs and communicate in a effective manner about the regulation and testing process with the consumers. But as many small and independent manufactures are already present, regulations are not always ethically done; they also often fail to inform customers about product specification and differentiations. Business Ethics and Social Responsibility: In our day to day life where we face moral situations may have to carefully choose between what is right and what is wrong and decide according our actions and reactions. Similarly when we are conducting business, we face similar ethical and moral situations where the corporate or social circumstance around the decision maker generates serious obstructions and difficulty to act responsibly. One important point of ethical behaviour is the reality that social situations have a major influence over organizational behaviour (Peterson, and Ferrell, 2016). Thus effective business leaders have a great influence in creating ethical business environment, which is also known as corporate culture that promotes ethical decision making and ethical practice in everyday business processes. The significance of ethical business leadership is to generate the circumstances in which ethical practices are conducted and corrupt people are also guided and motivated to act morally. In the modern business organizations, the management is giving immense importance to build corporate social responsibility and every business organization has a strategy regarding CSR and publicizes an annual report detailing the activity (Hartman, et al. 2014). In short CSR can be defined as the connection and association between the corporate and the stakeholders. A business organization that is alarmed regarding the social order with producing profits is expected to empower voluntarily in socially conscientious activities. For instance, renowned corporate IT giant Microsoft has been awarded the organization with CSR activities by Forbes. A strong CSR brings trust and commitment among the stakeholders. Ethical business environment has a positive impact with ethical behaviour of employees. EBL Learning: Enquiry based learning can be explained as the learning process which is based on analysis, learning and research. EBL has helped me in taking more responsibility for recognizing what I need to learn and finding reliable sources for acquiring knowledge. It has helped me to develop my research skills in solving practical problems. Through EBL learning, I have cultured the importance and significance of ethics in business decision making and other processes. As I student of business, I have learnt that managing a business organization and taking decisions for organizations growth and sustainability takes a lot of skills, abilities, knowledge and practical experience. One of the crucial elements that every manager should understand and have knowledge is to take decisions which will not only be potential for organizational growth and sustainability but also safeguards stakeholders interest and community as a whole. As discussed earlier, business ethics is a group of code of conduct that every profession should maintain in business processes and decision making and applying a moral code in business. Thus it is necessary for business organizations to engage in fair practice and this is a long term learning process which cannot be acquired over night. As a student of business ethics, there are two primary factors for learning business ethics is helpful before entering workplace: Accepting the significance of relationship of ethics and morality will help me to become an effective business leader: In any business organization, when an individual is at work, catching up with deadlines, routine works, reviews and organizations performance reports, it is quite evitable to overlook the secret factors that make a business successful. It is co operations and coordination between the workforce and leadership qualities. In the present turmoil economic conditions we often experience leaders abandoning their struggling organizations and employees concerned with personal goals and objectives. Thus it is necessary for new age business leaders and professionals to learn skills and abilities which will help them in solving complex corporate dilemma and circumstances (De Cremer, de Bettignies, 2013). Having theoretical and practical knowledge about ethics and morality will help me to identify situations and options that are available to make decisions that need integrity, fairness and reliability. It also gives me a pre knowledge about real world business challenges that we are going to face as business professionals. In my course I have learned the significance of ethics in business and according to my understanding I have noted the following issues: Basic Human Need: Honesty and integrity is one of the most basic human needs. An individual cannot grow in a dishonest and unethical environment as a result almost everybody wants to work in a organization which is moral and ethical in its practices. Developing Reliability: A business organization which has a strong desire to deliver moral practices is respected and trusted by the society even if an individual has least information about the organization. For instance, Microsoft is awarded one of the most ethical and morally responsible organizations towards society in 2015 by Forbes, which has helped Microsoft building a perception, and brand which is held far and wide and building strong brand image even for those who does not even have idea of Microsofts business. Also, a reliable business organization also attracts investors to invest in the business for long term growth (Pimentel, et al. 2010). Thus maintaining ethical practice in a business organization will allow it to grow in long term. Integrity in Workforce: Stakeholder includes employee or workforce also and a socially responsible organization takes a decision which safeguards the interest of the employees. Thus brining trust and commitment in employees and committed workforce perform better to achieve organizational objective. A socially responsible organization has a strong leadership to guide the organization to success. A business organization which safe guards its employee welfare and promotes business and workforce environment for employee growth and development also attracts the best talents in the industry. Thus, everybody wants to work for a socially responsible organization, as it helps employee to grow and sustain. Thus, in our business ethics course line I have learned that ethical and moral decisions are profitable to a business organization in long term growth and sustainability. Ethics is the primary element that safeguards public interest even if law fails to preserve it and helps a business organization in making business decisions and practices which are socially responsible. Business ethics will assists and guide me about how to conduct my job responsibilities, relationship with co-workers and subordinates and make crucial business decisions in the sense that it will be beneficial in long term professional career. Business Ethics: When I was in my previous job as an executive in ABC Ltd I came across one such circumstance where I was stuck between my morality and the temptation. I was asked by manager to scrutinize and select one of the advertising companies that my organization was going to give advertising tender for one year. I was given five advertising firms and term performance reports. One of the advertising companies was CDE Pvt Ltd and their sales manager offered me a bribe is I would have selected them and helped them to get the tender. I was shocked and confused and I didnt have the courage to take decision by myself, so I reported the matter to my manager who took the matters in hand and eventually that organization was black listed from getting the tender. After I learned and understood about business ethics, looking at that incident, I think now I can better judge the situation now. If I was aware about ethical decision making at that time, I would have taken action myself rather reporting to my superior. That showed my insufficiency to take serious business decision in ethical situations where we have to choose from right and wrong and act according to organizations interest. Ethics learning is important because it sets the system of standard behaviour in an individual (Lamberton, 2014). As a business professional I have to face situations where there will be a conflict of interest and position of trust, in those circumstances, my study of ethics will assists me to take moral conclusions. An understanding of ethical theories moral reasoning will assist me to apply business ethics in my future professional practice by: Moral reasoning can be simply explained as the judgmental process of understanding a situation if it is ethical and unethical (Wildermuth, et al. 2014). It is the moral development of an individual which assists to identify moral situations. In business organizations, we have to face situations where moral reasoning is required thus understand of ethics, theories and its implication is very important for any business professional for effective decision making. It includes our moral behaviour which allows us to feel how others will be affected by our decisions. Studying ethics will help me to understand individuals perception about what is moral and what is unethical and analyse how people decides when faces ethical dilemmas. Studying normative ethical theory has helped me to judge an individuals ethical action and why they should take that. For instance, when a person It serves as a principle for evaluating a situation. Understanding normative ethical approach will provide me perspective to take ethical decisions. Learning and understanding Prescriptive ethical approach will assist me to focus on the duties and responsibilities that my job needs me to perform and my ethical behaviour to fulfil my responsibilities. For instance, a train driver is viewing a child on the railway track, he can save the child by derailing the train, which can cost some loss for the company or he can run over the child to save the loss. In this scenario, the driver should take ethical decision of derailing the train as a loss or live is more than business loss. The Utilitarian ethical approach has taught me to take decision that will provide greater benefit. For instance, as a business manager I will outsource my production unit to some other low cost location so that my consumers can get the product in much cheaper margin. Consequentialismargues that the principles of an act are evaluated completely by its consequences (Wenstp, 2005). This theory generally produces self defeating results if applied. Usually, this approach is not applied in practice but will allow me to understand the self defending nation of my co workers and subordinates. Thus study of ethics and ethical theories have helped me to understand myself as well as others and human behaviour during decision making. It has also taught me how ethical practice can bring effectiveness and integrity and productivity in workforce as well as in organizational success. Reference: De Cremer, D. de Bettignies, H. 2013, "PRAGMATIC BUSINESS ETHICS",Business Strategy Review,vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 64-67. De George, R.T., 2011.Business ethics. Pearson Education India. Durkheim, E., 2013.Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R. and MacDonald, C., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. McGraw-Hill. Hoffman, W.M., Frederick, R.E. and Schwartz, M.S. eds., 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Lamberton, G.W. 2014, "An ethical response to climate change",Journal of Business Systems, Governance Ethics,vol. 6, no. 2. Peterson, P.E. and Ferrell, O.C., 2016.Business Ethics: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders: New Challenges for Business Schools and Corporate Leaders. Routledge. Pimentel, J.R.C., Kuntz, J.R. Elenkov, D.S. 2010, "Ethical decision-making: an integrative model for business practice",European Business Review,vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 359-376. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Wenstp, F. 2005, "Some viewpoints on emotion, consequentialism and multicriteria decision making",Journal of Multi?Criteria Decision Analysis,vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 191-198. Wildermuth, C., De Mello e Souza, Carlos A Kozitza, T. 2015, "Circles of Ethics: The Impact of Proximity on Moral Reasoning",Journal of Business Ethics,.

The United States Relationship With China, Kosovo, And Cuba Essays

The United States Relationship With China, Kosovo, And Cuba The United States Relationship with China, Kosovo, and Cuba The United States once has very series military, or strategic, relations with China. This brought on the Moscow Conference in October of 1943 (which also included two other nations; United Kingdom & the Soviet Union) United in their determination, in accordance with the declaration by the United Nations of January, 1942, and subsequent declarations, to continue hostilities against those Axis powers with which they respectively are at war until such powers have laid down their arms on the basis of unconditional surrender; Conscious of their responsibility to secure the liberation of themselves and the peoples allied with them from the menace of aggression; Recognizing the necessity of insuring a rapid and orderly transition from war to peace and of establishing and maintaining international peace and security with the least diversion of the world's human and economic resources for armaments; Jointly declare that their united action, pledged for the prosecution of the war against their respective enemies, will be continued for the organization and maintenance of peace and security. Also, that those of them at war with a common enemy will act together in all matters relating to the surrender and dis armament of that enemy. Third, they will take all measures deemed by them to be necessary to provide against any violation of the terms imposed upon the enemy. Another, that they recognize the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving states, and open to membership by all such states, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security. That for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security pending the re-establishment of law and order and the inauguration of a system of general security they will consult with one another and as occasion requires with other members of the United Nations, with a view to joint action on behalf of the community of nations. That after the termination of hostilities they will not employ their military forces within the territories of other states except for the purposes envisaged in this declaratio n and after joint consultation. And last, that they will confer and cooperate with one another and with other members of the United Nations to bring about a practicable general agreement with respect to the regulation of armaments in the post-war period. China (currently) On October 10, 2000 President Clinton's Signing of Legislation Establishing Permanent Normal Trade Relations for China Marks an Historic Moment in U.S.-China RelationsThe United States interest in China is both on an economic and social level. However, the economic level is much higher. China's accession to the WTO will encourage Chinese leaders to move in the direction of meeting the demands of the Chinese people for openness, accountability, and reform. The agreement negotiated last December with China is expected to have three certain results. This can deepen Market Reforms. Also, it obligates China to deepen its market reforms, empowering leaders who want their country to move further and faster toward economic freedom. This agreement will expose China to global competition and thereby bring China under even more pressure to privatize its state-owned industries and expand the role of the market in the Chinese economy. Chinese as well as foreign businessmen will gain the right to import and export on their own, and to sell their products without going through government middlemen. This move also accelerates removal of government from lives of China's people. Accelerates a process that is removing the government from vast areas of China's economic life. China's people will have greater scope to live their lives as they see fit. In opening China's telecommunications market, including to Internet and satellite services, the agreement will over time expose the Chinese people to information, ideas and debate from around the world. As China's people become more mobile, prosperous, and aware of alternative ways of life, they will seek greater say in the decisions that affect their lives. China's entry into the WTO will dramatically cut import barriers currently imposed on American products and services. This agreement locks in and expands our access to a market

Effective Managers Need Leadership Skills. Discuss.

Effective Managers Need Leadership Skills. Discuss. In view of business situations in the contemporary context, it is highly palpable that organizations realise the need for managers to have leadership skills in order to be effective in their job. It is essential to distinguish between the roles of a manager and a leader. Very simply, managers who are not leaders only rely on positional power to make things happen. They try to get things done only through the power of their post or position. Position or power, however, is rarely enough to bring about changes and sustain them in the long run (Arun Wakhlu, 1999). Gone are the days of the Industrial Age where managers go about their daily tasks following the rigid concept of making decisions and assigning tasks to people. All these managerial roles would never be carried out to its full potential without leadership qualities inculcated. World-renowned educator and investor Robert Kiyosaki (1999) defined leadership as the 'ability to bring out the best in people' in his best-selling book Cashflow Quadrant.English: Motivational SayingIf a leader can truly bring out the best in his people, being an effective and successful manager would be easy to achieve.Singapore is very much a developed country therefore organisations here are expected to conform to the requirements of imbuing managers with leadership skills. Of course, many organisations have long recognized the need for such conformance. My agenda is to focus on the factors that epitomise the way leadership is initiated in these organisations. Motivation, delegation, time management and communication skills are 'enablers' that help leaders perform more efficiently and effectively (Roger Fritz P.h.D, 2001). Delegation and time management are on-the-job practices that are encompassed by motivation and communication. Motivation and communication will thus constitute a majority of this essay.Communication may be defined as the process by which people...

Birdy

# 8211 ; Psychological Aspects Of Characters Essay, Research Paper# 8220 ; Merely if we look profoundly into ourselves can we detect who we truly are? . ( Erich Fromm ) Birdy? at first may look to be a book characterized by its superficiality and simpleness, nevertheless it is within a field secret plan and construction that the existent values are hidden. Wharton? s narrative gives us the penetration into human qualities which are subjected to merely one aim: life itself. The book carries the reader into a wholly different world demoing how a male child creates and lives in his ain universe. Psychological portrayal of Birdy, which the writer presented, has a symbolic significance. Most significantly, it shows that the capacity to comprehend prevarications within the person. One of the psychological facets that Wharton deeply deals with is the lineation of two different characters: Al and Birdy. Those characters represent diverse qualities, however they seem to overlap to a certain extent. Al has a really rational position of life. His realistic attack enables him to step steadfastly through life, catch every chance of it. However, when he meets Birdy, he realizes that it wasn? t true at all, and all that clip he was merely walking with his eyes half-opened. Realism is what Birdy? s doctrine of life is missing, therefore that is why their characters seem to complement one another. A permanent relationship is created, on the footing of which the reader has the chance to detect what psychological alterations they undergo. Al wants to demo Birdy the universe that he has non discovered yet. On the other manus, Birdy tries to unveil the beauty of different world that he himself becomes fascinated with. Each of us has a nature of its ain, alone and exceeding. Wharton stresses it throughout the narrative. He skillfully crafts a psychologically intricate character? Birdy, who sees the universe in different colorss and sunglassess. He explores the universe through a wholly different world. Al? s friendly relationship on the one manus gives him a closer penetration into the existent universe, on the other one intensifies his compulsion. What really Wharton shows is how far can it truly travel. Birdy doesn? Ts have control over his ideas, he seems to be incapacitated. It is his desires that dictate all his actions. They become a beginning for his bizarre behavior. Passion to birds is so overpowering that Birdy becomes unaware of the very facts of the existent life. The existent universe is a labyrinth where he hopelessly seeks for issue. That is chiefly why he escapes to a small oasis of safety from the universe, where he can be certain of being admired when he is non admirable, and prai sed he is non applaudable. Birdy creates a universe of his ain, a topographic point were he could experience safe, proud and needed. He looks for some apprehension among others, but it is merely in the universe created by him that he can happen his kernel of life. A dream in which he becomes a bird has even a sexual intension. It invariably comes back at dark, and becomes so strong that he looses the ability to separate between the existent, and the fanciful universe: ? The dream is every bit existent to me now as my waking life. I don? T know where one begins and the other terminals. ? However, this different world that Birdy enters becomes a boundary line for Al. At the beginning of their friendly relationship Birdy tries to equilibrate between those two diverse universes, however his passion turns out to be stronger. Al and Birdy create a womb-to-tomb fondness # 8211 ; friendly relationship. It becomes the greatest sweetening of their lives. Merely few do detect what it means to be raised to the highest pitch of enjoyment of life. His religion in the possibility of winging helps him to? last? his unhappy childhood. Birdy lives in the head, in thoughts, in fragments. His passion gave him air to take a breath, otherwise he would smother. He does non give up and that makes him the victor. For Al, Birdy? s bizarre behavior is # 8211 ; as he states it? merely traveling excessively far? . He is afraid of it, as the universe that Birdy enters is an unknown measure for Al. He sees that his friend? s passion becomes unmanageable and hence Birdy? s behavior is more and more unpredictable. Al starts to understand that he can non make much about the state of affairs, and that the whole? outlandishness? is beyond his comprehension. That is chiefly why he turns his dorsum at Birdy, go forthing him entirely. Birdy is non capable of happening his ain topographic point in the surrounding world and in the eyes of others he is perceived as insane. ? There is no such an absurd thing that a adult male wouldn? t make merely to give life a purpose. ? ( Wharton ) When after war Al comes back to assist Birdy retrieve, he realizes the really true facts of life. His behavior in the infirmary for mentally handicapped reveals his fond nature. Al understands that Birdy became a portion of his life. However, the state of affairs that he has to get by with terrifies him. On the manner to Birdy? s mental recovery, which does non look to hold positive consequences, Al realizes that the universe they are populating in is full of ugliness, danger and corruption. One therefore should construct a universe of his ain, where all these jobs do non merely be. Wharton, when asked about the intent of psychological intricateness of some of his characters including Birdy said that it is # 8220 ; because there is some prevarication in this universe that I want to expose # 8221 ; . Wharton through psychological portrayals of characters shows the dichotomy of universes, a clang between the mimetic universe and the one created by friendly relationship and passion. F ictional universe crafted by writer suggests another impression of saneness in a universe that is obviously insane. Birdy creates his ain doctrine of life? a arm against the world. ? It takes 20 old ages or more of peace to do a adult male ; it takes merely 20 seconds of war to destruct him. ? ( Baudouin I ) Birdy is a mentally delicate character. He is capable of seeing things other people consider unimportant and meaningless. Those small things give him hope and something he can believe in. His whole life revolves around them. However, this is wholly changed by war. It puts an terminal to his delicate mind which is crushed under the load of what he has to travel through. All the agony, hurting, fright and the feeling of uncertainness destruct his belief in the universe he is populating in. That is why Birdy escapes into his ain world, nevertheless that is where he gets lost. His contact with the existent universe is handicapped, war brainwashes him into unreasonable manner of comprehending the world. Birdy? s attack to life reveals general truths of this universe. It shows that if we want to happen the right manner in our lives we can merely make it by looking for it in ourselves. The reader at some point may inquire about the psychological facets of homo? s behavior, inquiring such inquiries as: What is truly needed to continue one? s felicity, to be truly free? Is it really possible? Can we do us believe that everything has a intent? Al and Birdy have aims for their lives but they are non capable of seting to societal stereotypes. They invariably run off from them, seeking for something new. Wharton? s technique of portraying the fictional universe is a really specific one. The reader gets to cognize all the events from different positions. The universe is perceived through Al? s and Birdy? s eyes. The inside informations of the male childs? past life are shown by agencies of retrospection. Wharton # 8217 ; s authorship is frequently dark and incorporates phantasmagoric elements aggressively contrasted against splanchnic world. In his head, Birdy lives as a bird, and the description of that life has a dreamy, unreal quality. Through his friend Al, we see the world of his life: the grim veteran # 8217 ; s infirmary, the detached staff, Birdy # 8217 ; s hapless physical province. The differing elements suit together to organize a whole life, even if it is a life given over to madness. The narrative shows that in the hunt of freedom one has to travel through existent and metaphysical labyrinth. It is the lone thing Birdy needs to wing thought the deepnesss of life. He pr oves that the existent art of life is to do the impossible, possible. In many ways, Wharton? s position of the universe is true. By a characteristic manner of showing the fictional universe, the reader has the chance to introduce with the huge psychological portrayals of characters. We get to cognize non merely au naturel facts, but besides interior ideas and the emotions that accompany them. That is why the reader can comprehend the fictional universe through different positions and place with the characters. Wharton by agencies of field and straightforward linguistic communication expresses deeper ideas. Fictional characters? actions become symbolic and can be interpreted on different evidences.

The development of corporate governance code in UK since 1992 Essay

The development of corporate governance code in UK since 1992 - Essay Example The essay discusses that corporate failures such Maxwell Publishing Group, BCCI, Poly Peck and Coloroll in 1980s and early 1990s in UK brought the issue of corporate governance practices by publicly listed organizations. There is no set definition of corporate governance and mostly depends upon the specific country’s view and oversight of the issue. Generally, it is known as a system of rules and principles as to how an organization should be governed and controlled. The roots of corporate governance lie in ‘Agency Theory’, which explains the problem of principal-agent. The managers or agents are bestowed with the responsibility of managing the company on behalf of the company’s owners or principals. While these agents have informational advantage, the principals have to rely on the board appointed by them to oversee the agents’ management. Therefore, agency theory has had a deep influence in shaping the characteristics and reforms of corporate gover nance. A proper governance mechanism in organization was required in order to facilitate a prudent and effective entrepreneurial management to deliver the long-term success of the organization underlying assumption of corporate governance is that the board of directors is responsible for the management of business and control of risks faced by it. While the framework of an effective corporate governance is still is in development stage in most of the developed economies, the recent economic downturn has raised the doubt over the effectiveness of corporate governance can ever be achieved.... These two Codes are based on the Walker Review Committee being set up to review the corporate governance practices in banking sector. U.S. has addressed the issue of corporate governance and auditor’s independence through Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002 in response to Enron collapse and other corporate scandals, and Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reforms along with Consumer Protection Act in 2010 (Copeland, 2010, p.1). These reforms and developments indicate that the importance of having an effective corporate governance framework in order to protect not just the shareholders’ interests but also the other stakeholders’ interests. Considering this, the development of corporate governance framework in UK and practices of the Code through the analysis of two UK-based firms Burberry and BP have been provided. Burberry is a manufacturer of luxury fashion clothing, fragrance and accessories in UK and was established in 1856 (Burberry, n.d.).Burberry is listed on London Stock Exchan ge. BP was established in 1908 through a discovery of oil well in Persia. The company is listed on London Stock Exchange and NYSE (BP, 2012). Both the firms follow the provisions of corporate governance practices in the new Code on Corporate Governance 2010 and the Company Act 2006. Corporate Governance Development The process by which the stakeholders of a company get assured that the board of directors of the company is performing their duties efficiently, which assigned to them. The board members of the company should design the process, so that the interest of the stakeholders maintained properly by the operations done by the company management. The company management should also look after that whether the company properly maintains the ethics, corporate social responsibility or not. In

Event Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Event Analysis - Essay Example It will further help to identify the potential risks associated with the event and provide strategies to mitigate those risks. In addition, the report will focus on the staffing requirements and role of the volunteers in conducting the event successfully. Moreover, the budgetary requirement will be determined and the official partners of the festival will be identified. Additionally, the promotional strategy used by the organisers to promote the event will be evaluated. Last but not the least, recommendations will be provided in order to enhance the services being rendered to the visitors. Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Technical, Site and Other Logistical Requirements of the Event 5 Identification of Possible Risks and Steps Taken by the Organisers of the Event 6 Staffing Requirements and Role of Volunteers in Conducting the Event 7 Budgetary Requirements of the Event 8 Promotions Mix Used To Promote the Event 10 Recommendations 11 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction Hue is acknowledged as the ancient capital of Vietnam. The city is further renowned for the glorious architecture of its palaces, temples, citadels and royal tombs among others. Furthermore, the greenish background on the banks of Perfume River has inspired several authors to create marvellous poetries regarding the heritage of the city (AsiaRooms, 2012a). Festivals and events form an essential part of the rich cultural tradition that prevails within the city area of Hue. The city is also regarded as quite famous for inspiring and rendering developmental assistance to creative artists and art enthusiasts due to which the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) declared it as a Wold Cultural Heritage Site in 1993. It was since then that Hue Festivals have been organised. The Hue Festival includes traditional concerts, theatrical performances, dance competitions and art exhibitions along with conducting sightseeing across the city. Notab ly, Hue festivals and events are organised for the purpose of promoting peace, harmony and supporting greater cultural exchange (AsiaRooms, 2012b). Huge numbers of artists across the world participates and performs in around 200 shows in more than 40 venues which continue for 9 consecutive days within the city. The festival involves a footfall of 1.5 million domestic and 150 million international visitors (Vietnam Online, 2011). Technical, Site and Other Logistical Requirements of the Event Hue festival comprises various cultural events which are organised in different venues, especially during the evening. Therefore, sufficient lighting has been one of the prime requirements of this festival. Moreover, the availability of artist’s specific utilities requires being arranged in advance in order to welcome them with satisfactory warmth from various countries. In addition, drum is regarded to be the most crucial instruments required for conducting this event. Hence, the organise rs are often observed to hold public biddings inviting experienced contractors to provide equipments on a rental basis for installation of sound, lighting and theatrical instruments for such a massive event (Hue Festival Centre, 2010a). The venues chosen for conducting the Hue festival are generally found to emphasising on its capacity of accommodating millions of visitors. The venues are mostly open-air situated near the banks of Nghinh Luong Dinh

Baseball and the Changes made in 1968 Essay Example for Free

Baseball and the Changes made in 1968 Essay Baseball is America’s most favorite past time. It is America’s national sports. Among the non-contact sports being played today, it is the most popular and widely played around the globe. Since contacts are less baseball players get to play more games and eventually seasons compare to their baseball and basketball counterparts. Baseball owns style and uniqueness is what makes the game more special and closer to the heart of the people of America. It is the only sport with exception to softball, which traces its origin and roots to baseball – in which the defense starts play by putting the ball in play. The success being enjoyed by baseball as America’s most favourite past time can be attributed to the excitement and fun the way games are played through the years, from minor to major leagues. The techniques and strategies employed by coaches, team owner, players and sport’s organizer to uplift quality of games, all add color and spice to an already colorful sporting event. The sight and sound inside the ballpark are things to behold as players continue to provide entertainment to every spectator. From the first time baseball was invented and developed, the game had undergone and seen several and important changes and facelift all for the improvement of the game’s quality and for the purpose of bringing the game closer to the public. It is no secret that several changes that are made in baseball’s rule and guidelines are results of the growing clamour made by casual and serious â€Å"faniacs† (fans and maniacs alike). By adapting these changes games are played more interestingly and competition became tougher as games are now dictated and rely heavily on the shoulders of every batter (Newell). The game has now evolved to a batter’s dominated game. With the changes in the existing rule efficiency of pitchers was limited. By limiting effectiveness of pitchers more hits are made, eventually yielding to more runs scored and homeruns being made. The committee’s action emphasis the growing important they put on hits, run, homeruns and offense as they try to bring attendance back in on ball parks. Thus, a new phase in baseball history opens up as fans and spectators go frenzy with every swing of the bat. With the major transformation of the game from a pitcher’s dominance to a batter controlled and dictated tempo, it is fitting and necessary to understand the changes that are made that swing the tide to the offensive teams’ favour. It was in 1968 when major league officials, organizers and experts started re-evaluation of existing baseball rules that govern the sports. One of the rules the committee focus and re-evaluated was the scoring of homeruns in the ninth inning or bottom of extra inning. Prior to the 1920 season, homeruns that propel winning run of runners ahead of them were not considered homeruns and will only be scored as a singles, doubles or a triples depending on the base occupied by the runner ahead of the player who made the homerun (Titlebaum). For example, if a runner is positioned on the second base, bottom of the ninth inning, and his teammate hit a home run the batter would only be credited with a double. His score would depend on the number of bases needed by the runner to advance in order to complete the winning run. In 1968 the special committee restore the homeruns that were lost due to the above mentioned law (Titlebaum). This was the first step made by the committee that slowly shifted the dominance from the pitchers to the batters. The year 1968 was also known to baseball fans as the â€Å"Year of the Pitcher†. It was in this year Robert â€Å"Bob† Gibson dished out the lowest ERA ever made in the 20th century. Gibson who played for the ST. Louis Cardinals was widely known as one of the most dominant and prominent figure of a pitcher in his era. It was during that year the he compiled an amazing 1. 12 ERA, whish was the most dominant performance of a pitcher in a season (Schell). He also completed 28 games out of his 34 as the starting pitcher in which 13 of them were shutouts (Schell). In 28 starts he never allowed a single run. Tim McCarver, Gibsons long-time catcher in St. Louis once quoted I never went to the mound when he was pitching. What is a catcher going to tell someone like him how to throw a pitch? † (Schell). The dominating performance of pitchers in this year led by Gibson, prompted league officials and organizers to make changes in able to help hitters and thus creating an era of an offense minded games. The influx of pitching talents during the 1968 was one of the reasons why pitchers dominated the game. Gibson wasn’t alone in dominating the ’68 season. There was Danny Mclain which was Gibson’s opponent in the World Series, which poser a pretty impressive number with his 1. 96 ERA (Schell). Apparently the figure was only good for fourth ranked in the American League behind Dave McNally with 1. 95, Sudden Sam McDowell’s 1. 81, and Luis Tiant’s 1. 60 (Schell). With the abundance of talent coupled with scarcity in hitting talent the Year of the Pitcher was born. Due to this abundance of pitching talent, organizer provides batters the leverage they needed to slug it put with the highly touted and remarkable pitchers. Thus, in order to resolve this problem officials change the height of the mound. From 15 inches in 1968, the mound was lowered to 10 (Newell). For this reason the environment has become friendly to hitters as strike zone has become smaller. Pitchers then have to be more perfect with their throws and batters can wait more patiently, unlike before when strike zones was enforced from the height of the batter’s armpit to the level of the knees. With this strike zone, pitcher like Gibson giving big, riding fastballs can easily eat the offense alive. As a result of this change the occurrence of players being out because of â€Å"easy outs† has declined. Furthermore, higher pitching mounds favour pitchers as it means more leverage for them. With the advantage in altitude, pitchers can put more downward velocity and spin to the ball making it more difficult for the opposing team to hit the ball. For the next few years attendance in ball parks increases as offense dominated baseball. Today, offense has dictated the flow of the games. Fans love watching games loaded with offensive actions. Pitchers too found it hard to dominate games, unlike before because of the fatigue and beating they obtained throughout the year. They play more games today. The inclusion of aluminum bats also increased the capacity of hitters to make homeruns. The changing of laws in 1968 has great impact on the field of baseball. The changes made define modern baseball. Work’s Cited Page Newell, Kevin. Five Game-Changing Moments in Baseball. Scholastic administrators (2005). Schell, Michael J. Baseballs All-Time Best Hitters, How Statistics Can Level the Playing Field. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1999. Titlebaum, Dr. Peter. Rule Changes in Baseball: Spring Training Never Ends sports media (2006).

The Silent Nature of Barry Lopez Essay -- Barry Lopez Essays

The Silent Nature of Barry Lopez In southern California, below Interstate 8 and west along the Mexican border, in the middle of the desert just beyond an arroyo, rests an ancient intaglio, a horse carved out of stone ("Horse" 401). If by chance you were to come across such a natural relic, perhaps you would first take a picture. Perhaps you would initially approach to get a closer look. Perhaps you would immediately run your fingers over the coarse, intricate indentations of the nose, the ears, the hooves. However, when writer Barry Lopez first came upon the stone horse, he did nothing. He simply stood in his place. Still. Silent. And he did not just happen upon the horse; he had been looking for it. Yet, at the sight of it, Lopez recalls being "startled, and that I held my breath" (401). This is not the only instance in which nature inspires awe in the writer. It occurs again in "Orchids on the Volcanoes" as he watches sleeping Flamingos drift on a lagoon in Isla Rabida, an island of the Galapagos. It occurs again in "Learning to See" as he witnesses a vivid "fleeting pattern of light falling at dusk on a windbreak of trees in Mitchell, Oregon" (236). In every encounter, Lopez observes nature with passionate reverence and spirituality that renders him speechless. But he does not write merely to relay his reaction. Barry Lopez wants us to replenish our dwindling respect for nature by sharing in the experience that nature affords us. Through his naturalist essays, Lopez restrains that immediate urge we have to pet the horsey, take a Polaroid, and move on. He persuades us to appreciate the urge. He strives to teach us about the inherently liberating spirit of nature, about how in just experiencing one moment with nature "ever... ...ea lion pup, rudely shunned by the other adults, waits with resolute cheer for a mother who clearly will never return from the sea. You extend your fingers here to the damp, soft rims of orchids, blooming white on the flanks of dark volcanoes. (53) Lopez invites us to partake in the spiritual connection we share with nature and history, which awards us both independence in our world and compelling attachment to it. He bids us to notice the "complexity of [nature's] beauty" (54), and-like the effect it continues to have on Barry Lopez time and time again-to let it render us speechless. Works Cited Grice, Gordon G. "The Black Widow." Encounters: Essays for Exploration and Inquiry. Ed. Pat C. Hoy II and Robert DiYanni. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 313-317. Lopez, Barry. "The Stone Horse." Hoy II. 399-406. Lopez, Barry. About This Life. New York: Vintage, 1998.

Politics In Cyber Space: The Effects Of Cyber Campaigning Essay

Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the turn of the 21st century, the Internet has placed the world into a massive breakthrough by use of computer-generated communication, as observed by social science experts. In addition, the Internet has also become the central source of information all through out the world.   This has drastically affected the global culture- on people’s attitudes, perspectives, and preferences. In this light, the Internet has drastically affected the political scenario within countries across the world, to the extent that politicians have used the Internet in their political activities. On the other hand, people’s attitudes and preferences towards politically-related matters—preferred candidates, political way of thinking, etc. — have been influenced by cyber media.  Ã‚   However, the accessibility to cyber technology has also negatively affected the political arena across the world. This paper will discuss these effects.   Leading to the conclusion, as this paper will discuss, is the capability of cyberspace to absorb the manipulative and controllable stream of communication as divergent and convergent for the dealings of man towards his role in society. Rationale What is cyberspace? The cyberspace may be defined as virtual domain that consists of virtual life and virtual society. The virtual dimension of cyberspace counterbalances the factual activities, appearance and circumstance of life and society. The only material form that exists in cyberspace is the physical manipulation of computer-generated data reinvented by man. What does cyberspace predispose? The question on what does cyberspace predispose are needs, interests and benefits. To which, cyberspace becomes the interactive convergence for private and public disposition. It may be defined as a labyrinth to the flow of information and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using the information technology through the telephone, specifically mobile phones and through the Internet, world-wide communication has become convenient. The digital feature in telephone and Internet communication has gone far from the cable networking of the analog telephony.   The satellite signals are transmitted through cyberspace with accuracy, limited by boundaries of time and space. Hence, cyberspace predisposes interaction and reaction of the physical existence of man in a society. What does cyberspace bring to the society? The so-called virtual world exist a virtual society through intelligent manipulation of man. In which, the virtual society manifest the physical appearance of effects from various material response of people to information. The information as absorbed by the physical world will be processed through intellectual configuration, interpretation and comparison to factual and real-time resemblance. The processed information returns to the cyberspace as Internet and digital communication system is utilized for information sharing and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cobweb of process as absorbed by the physical world is a continuing cycle within cyberspace. For example, the information that tells the winning potential of a political candidate may get the edge as far as popularity is concerned and the added advantage of earning public support. Measuring the Cyber Power The measure that people and society has achieved is by quantifiable utilization of the Internet through information sharing and communication. The effects are the impacts towards the socio-economic-political structure of society. It influences the physical traits, behaviors, likings and inclination of people. For example, Internet communication through the online messaging system brings the user-to-user a distanced discussion and conclusion. In this case, physical knowledge is motivated. Cyber power may involve various components and uses. The need, interest and benefits are among the parameters that bring relevance to achieve such. This means that people and society are the major stakeholders of such parameters according to conditions and circumstances. Evolution on the uses of Internet   Aside from the practical use of Internet in tallying votes to aid retrieval of election results, the use of online voting have been the most recent innovation which governments, specifically the United States, has been using . However, for third world countries, online voting is still in the process. The trend brought about by cyber politics indicates a new trend in elections.   This is most evident in some western countries wherein their elections depend largely upon the Internet. This has brought about a great increase of the younger voting population- or those who use the Internet more frequently against older members of the population who likewise depend on secondary information from the former. Unfortunately, as observed in cyber discussion rooms, participants were focused more on the personal lives of the candidates rather than the political platform. This attitude of voters may be tracked down from the intriguing aspect of electoral proceeding wherein candidates are known based on their social background. Candidates now spend a part of their campaign funds for Internet campaigning. Political campaigning has veered towards Internet and mobile phone utilization. Within Asia, the Philippines is among the third world countries known to have adverse electoral exercises. The voting population is influenced by the Internet; the proximity of effect to the voting population is tremendous as the cyber information is revealed by the broadcast and television media. Meanwhile, in other developing countries, political candidates rely on two-fold campaign strategies by using cyber campaigns and physical organizing and mobilization of supporters. In cyber campaign strategy, using the Internet for posting their profiles and platform of governance is the usual approach. The additional variation to cyber campaign strategy is featured with a questionnaire and FAQ’s (frequently asked questions) for the voters. With regard to the electoral experience in Asia, a study discloses that the interactive campaign might result a non-beneficial situation to a party and candidates   because of the cost in cyber campaigning (Djupsund, G. And Carlson, T., 2001). In other aspects of cyber campaigns relative to other governmental functions, the facilitation of immigration has found the Internet as the most useful procedure. The online application configures the capacity of work and manning of immigrants. It likewise systematizes the institutional facilities and space that may be occupied by massive influx of physical applicants. The enactment of laws is now also influenced by the Internet. Again, dissemination of information is being channeled to the Internet for public opinion and online ratification. Although this process is a minimal venue for third world economies that still rely to the traditional media outfit of television, broadcast and journal. The potential risks in cyber politics Having democratic process is having political system that permits the citizens to partake in the electoral processes and   knowing the pros and cons of candidates as well as its political agenda, personal beliefs and more so the personality. The election period is like a season wherein the citizens enjoy much the freedom to ventilate the issues concerning the candidates. Acquiring the knowledge and information from the candidates and the political party, the Internet is one of the available sources of the electorates. Over the years, the numbers of political Web sites has dramatically increased to reach the young voters that are the regular user of Internet. In the US, George Bush and Dick Cheney have their georgewbush.com as their maintained Web site. There are Web sites from both opposition and civil society groups that are created to demonstrate political parody and criticism.   This kind of Web sites however does not represent essential purposes but to delight the online public. Hence, it bears negative effect to the candidate because the information might mislead some facts and therefore decreases popularity. Another Web site was also independently created to implicitly express political opposition—to ridicule the candidate’s political stance and private life. To mention, the gwbush.com is a copy cat of the official Web site of President Bush purposely created for political demolition and scandal. In contrast, other Web sites have been created to support the political campaign of candidates. But nearly majority of the Web sites are inclined to be further deceiving than the Web sites with political parodies since more exaggerated showcase covered the true personality of the candidate. .   In effect, these kinds of Web site pose a potential risk that may lead to public confusion and harm the democratic processes bestowed upon to the electorates. The US Experience in cyber campaigning   The cyber power is an expression broadly engaged to the world mainly by scholars who have been fascinated to the extent of analyzing the capacity of using the Internet in political activities. Computer hardware including all types of software comprises the new form of media, is the main tool used in 21st century political fund raising, recruitment of volunteers and organizing political activities. The 2004 Democratic Party nomination of Howard Dean as Presidential slate has greatly used the Internet and brought about relevance to several American political parties. This event has proven that cyber campaigning is a reality. A medical practitioner by profession, Howard Dean emerged his political career from the 1982 Congressional election and won as a Congressman of Vermont.   After two terms of office as a Congressman, Howard Dean run for Vice-Governor and was elected. Subsequently, the death of the incumbent Governor has installed Dean for the gubernatorial seat and served the term of office from 1991 to 2002. He flourished on his political popularity being tagged as fiscal conservative to proportioning the budgetary appropriations of the state. He was also known as a leading advocate for ecological preservation and advancing the rights of the third sex (Open Secrets, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2003, the Dean supporters utilized the Internet for making up more of Dean’s popularity. The websites MeetUp.com and MoveOn.org were created for internet circulation of his political platform as well selective articles/political views. The websites has greatly encouraged the voters to participate in the forums; commonly known as Internet blogs, where Dean himself was an active blogger—posting articles and views in the Internet website. The internet blogging has drawn voter’s participation that led to the organizing of â€Å"Dean Defense Forces† (Gibson, R.K., 2004). The MoveOn.org has able to organize two million members that donated money for advertisements opposing the Bush administration and massively engaged in telephone and petition campaigns (Wolf, G., 2004). In addition to highlight the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean for the 2004 US Presidential race, the last quarter of 2003 has earned approximately 500,000 followers and raised a fund of about $7.4 million via Internet solicitations alone (Cone, E., 2003).   However, re-electionist George W. Bush won the election being the lone candidate of his party and has $200 million election funds. It may have been said by political scientists that cyber politics, like in the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean, could have gained the voters who are relying much on the Internet. But somehow, the print, television and broadcast media are more crucial instruments to consistently promote the politician. Cyber campaign and approaches The limited campaign funds and machinery of candidates and its political party have efficiently resorted to adopt ways and means of reaching out their potential voters. Likewise, independent candidates are indulging the same approaches. These approaches are a combination of using the available technology and the traditional ones. The perspective of cyber campaigning is enjoined with the traditional approaches to catching the votes, as follows:  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Telephone Messaging o  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 2004 Australian federal election massively used electronic phone messaging that bombarded phone calls to 17,  500 voters with pre-recorded campaign messages authorized by the divisional office of   Canberra Liberals (Onselen P.V., and Errington W., 2004).  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet use A post election study in Australia cited that 49.3% of voters rely on the Internet to search for information relevant to political issues, but only 10% reported looking for information on the election updates (Bean, C., Gow, D. and McAllister, I. 2001). o  Ã‚   Campaigning through the Internet shows that it is an electioneering tool that is less needing investment on money and people (Gibson, R., 2004). Internet is an efficient communication channel with lesser cost affordable by independent candidate and minority party that are sometime being isolated by the print and television media groups. And also able to distribute uncensored information to the voters. Electronic mail (e-mail) is also useful to immediately distribute the information to targeted voters and campaign activities to organizers/supporters.  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising Media reports claimed that the major parties spent more than ever on mass-media advertising and direct mail. Direct mailing Direct mailing is still the traditional approach to reach the marginalized voters in which the unavailability, inaccessibility and incapability of Internet knowledge are the main barrier. Some Significant Findings What is more significant is the primary purpose of politicians to utilize the Internet as a trendy political wardrobe—a packaging that may fit in to the taste of the voting populace in the cyber age. In which cyber campaigning through the Internet is added to the political machinery that offers a one-stop-shop convenience for the voters to check on a particular candidate and for the candidate to feature the entire information essential to enhance the popularity. A study conducted, by the â€Å"Bivings Group† (2006), on the 2006 US election has claimed progressive increase of political candidates from 55% in 2002 to 97% in 2006. Mostly, the website owners are political personalities prospecting the Senatorial seat. It can be assessed from the study that although with the progressive increase of the politicians in using the Internet, the availing of the websites are limited only to posting their profiles and fund solicitations. Following are data cited from the study (Bivings Group, 2006): 23% engages in blogging (posting of articles/personal views); 15% uses Spanish language transcription; 5% maintain multi-media; In-between 90% and 93% has complete biographies. Cyber campaigning does not only represent the US but evolved in different parts of the world. Roh Moo-hyun successfully won the 2002 Presidential election in South Korea by disseminating email in the Internet and created a political fan club website called â€Å"Nasomo† that included mobile phone networking (Thompson, N., 2003). In the Philippines, the toppling down of the Estrada Administration in 2001 that installed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as successor for presidency was much related to cyber campaigning. Political websites were created by various opposition groups and mobile phone campaigns using the Short Messaging System (text messaging) have massively encouraged people’s assembly that brought about an approximately one million Filipinos rallied at EDSA and known as the People Power II (Thompson, N., 2003). Likewise, the 2006 presidential re-election of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have used the internet and mobile phones network for campaigning. In related finding, it was found that political parties in other European and Asian countries with parliamentary system of government are the common users of Internet websites for campaigning in which the popularity of the candidate is inherent to the political party’s capability to endorse and make the winning potentials of its candidate (Danyi, E., and Galacz, A., 2005). The significance of Internet on the claim as becoming appropriate, necessary and being adopted as a new age technology of the politicians may be interpreted as follows: Accessing the Internet would avoid media scrutiny that may be more intriguing, inexpressive and expensive. The use of Internet in political endorsement of candidates would always gain a win-win position to assert, deal with and assimilate in the democratic point of view of public Internet users through blogging. A wide array of multi-media tools in the Internet websites offers a preferential option for the candidate to use. The chat rooms can be created anytime for a particular topic of discussions wherein the candidate can assess the pulse rate of winning potentials; chance for soliciting public opinion to enhance political platform and strategies. Web designing is much cost-efficient and benefiting than the TV, broadcast and print media. Website maintenance efficiently innovate various promotional coverage, advertisement and designs. The website can be accessed through mobile phones of mostly young voters. The Website is lasting and continuously useful to maintain the politician’s campaign cycle. The Internet is affordable by both minority and majority parties. However, some considerations are being laid down in cyber campaigning on the economic status of the country. Unlike the European Union and the US, the developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East retains the barrier in cyber campaigning. Obviously the main reason behind the barrier is the incapability of the majority of voters to avail individual acquisition of computers, Internet access and the knowledge itself to using computer. In this regard, the mobile phones are the limited source of Internet-generated information as also depending on the mobile phone models. Another consideration is the voter attitude towards an interest to access the Internet websites of politicians. In this case, the traditional approaches of politicians to earning popularity are still complemented with their personal appearances in TV and radio programs as well as print media coverage. It may be positively stated that cyber campaigning then evolves within powerful countries that has capable and responsive voting population. Notably, the Japanese politicians were the first to access cyber campaigning in 1995 and initially adopted by the US at the 1996 campaigning in the Web political advertisements and publicity (Frisk, A., 1999).    Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cyberspace is a formidable domain where virtual and physical worlds meet. The  Ã‚   realities happen between time and space, as continuing exploits to science and technology converge. This conclusion addresses the manifestation of decadent culture to the overflowing commercialization of technology as the third world societies are vulnerable to the interest of the few. The clamor of the third world countries to the fervor of globalization has turned the tides of cyber power and uncontrolled political agenda as the economy is plundered from behind of the cyber politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The politics in cyberspace is the new age technology known to the interaction of man in his society, as politicians invest his wealth. Known to many that cyber campaigning is an expensive framework to win a candidacy; the effect is much crucial when politician amassed the vote as well as recuperate the election expense from the coffer of national economy. The manipulation in cyber campaigning that is carried out in the political race is perceived as enduring at the term of office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other perspectives of politics in cyberspace, the cyber campaigning in aspects of fostering goodwill, economic cooperation, cultural exchange and political-diplomatic relationship among nations for human security are essential attributes. Assessing the pessimistic and constructive conclusion, politics in cyberspace retains a multi-faceted democratic power of people, in which the human intellect represents. The global proliferation of the Internet must be complemented with and requires critical understanding. The critical understanding in the use of Internet, most especially in the third world economies, must surface at the required and immediate need of people. This understanding must be focused at improving the economic resources of a country and the values of people. Likewise, the global proliferation of the Internet may be used as an instrument for constant disparity based on the social, economic and political condition of people and country. Although the fundamental concern is to enhance the delivery of basic services to the indigent, a conflicting outcome may possibly transpire the gap of selectiveness, cultural homogeneity of culture, and fracture of societal unity and customary understanding. Thus, this might be a basic social issue that be given significance in the social perspective. A synergy of initiatives between governmental and non-governmental organizations should be created as a means of expanding the social awareness of the public users that may promote sustainable development education approaches for better understanding, consciousness and responsibility in the use of Internet. In effect, a more responsive and participative people shall impart in the empowerment of governance and socio-economic-political stability. 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